The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on dental trauma attendance: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to analyze the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on dental trauma patient attendance. The study was registered in the PROSPERO system, using the CRD42021288398 protocol. Searching was performed in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, Lilacs, and OpenGrey databases, using the following keywords: "Tooth injuries," "Dental trauma," "Traumatic Dental injury," and "COVID-19". We included observational studies evaluating dental trauma in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Quality assessment was performed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for Cross-Sectional Studies. Meta-analysis was performed in RevMan 5.4 software with Odds Ratios as a pooled measure of effect, with a 95% confidence interval, and using random-effects modeling. After applying the eligibility criteria, 32 studies were included for qualitative analysis, in which 10 were used to assess the frequency of dental trauma diagnoses in dental emergencies. Despite the decrease of visits during COVID-19, the analysis revealed no difference between the pandemic and pre-pandemic periods. Regarding the type of dental trauma, two of the studies revealed no differences for the periods before and during the pandemic. This study revealed that the COVID-19 pandemic has not impacted the frequency or type of dental trauma compared to previous periods.

Dental trauma and oral health-related quality of life among 7th-grade students of public elementary schools

Dental trauma is a public health problem because of its high prevalence rates and treatment costs and for affecting mainly younger individuals. Aim: This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the variables associated with dental trauma and its influence on oral health-related quality of life among 7th-grade students of public elementary schools. Methods: The data was collected with semi-structured and self-administered questionnaires and an intraoral clinical examination (n = 204). The variables collected regarded dental trauma, lip coverage, overjet, oral health-related quality of life (Child Perceptions Questionnaire - CPQ11-14 ISF: 8), and sociodemographic profile. Association tests and the Mann-Whitney test were performed at a 5% significance level. Results: Dental trauma occurred in 12.3% of students, 94.6% had adequate lip coverage, and the mean overjet was 2.7 mm (±2.0). Sex was the only variable with a statistically significant association with dental trauma (p = 0.021). There was no statistically significant difference in the CPQ11-14 ISF: 8 score between students with and without dental trauma (p = 0.136). Conclusions: Dental trauma was significantly associated with sex and did not impact the oral health-related quality of life of the students

Sequelae in permanent dentition after trauma in primary dentition in patients assisted at hospital base Valdivia, Chile / Secuelas en dentición permanente por trauma en dentición temporal en pacientes atendidos en el hospital base Valdivia, Chile

Aim: To determine the type and frequency of sequelae in permanent teeth as a result of traumatic dental injuries in primary teeth in pediatric patients attended to at the Hospital Base Valdivia, between 2007 and 2012. Material and Methods: A descriptive study was conducted. The medical records of pediatric patients who were affected by traumatic dental injuries in primary teeth and went to the Sub-department of Dentistry of the Hospital Base Valdivia, Chile, were selected according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. The recorded data was: age of the child at the time of the accident, gender, affected primary tooth, type of traumatic dental injuries, and diagnosis of the permanent successor tooth. Descriptive statistics were performed. A chi-square test was used to establish differences between type of traumatic dental injuries and condition of the permanent tooth. Results: The most frequent diagnosis of traumatic dental injuries in primary dentition was subluxation. The primary tooth with the highest frequency of traumatic dental injuries was the right maxillary central incisor; 58.2% of the permanent successors presented some developmental disturbances. The most frequent sequelae observed in permanent teeth were chronological alterations of the eruption. Conclusion: There is a high frequency of sequelae in permanent dentition as a result of trauma in primary dentition. The most frequent sequel observed was chronological alteration of the eruption. It is fundamental to inform parents about the possible consequences that could arise and emphasize the importance of attending periodic follow up in order to prevent or minimize possible sequelae in permanent teeth.

Objectivo: Determinar el tipo y frecuencia de secuelas en dientes permanentes como consecuencia de lesiones dentales traumáticas en dientes temporales en pacientes pediátricos atendidos en el Hospital Base Valdivia, entre los años 2007 y 2012. Material y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo. Se seleccionaron las historias clínicas, según criterios de inclusión y exclusión, de pacientes pediátricos que sufrieron lesiones dentales traumáticas en dientes temporales y que acudieron al sub-departamento de Odontología del Hospital Base Valdivia, Chile. Los datos registrados fueron: edad en el momento del accidente, sexo, diente temporal afectado, tipo de lesiones dentales traumáticas y diagnóstico del diente sucesor permanente. Se realizó estadística descriptiva. Se utilizó la prueba de chi-cuadrado para establecer diferencias entre el tipo de lesiones dentales traumáticas y el estado del diente permanente. Resultado: El diagnóstico más frecuente de lesiones dentales traumáticas en dentición temporal fue subluxación. El diente temporal con mayor frecuencia de lesiones dentales traumáticas fue el incisivo central superior derecho. El 58.2% de los dientes sucesores permanentes presentó alguna alteración del desarrollo. Las secuelas más frecuentes observadas fueron alteraciones cronológicas de la erupción. Conclusión: Existe una alta frecuencia de secuelas en la dentición permanente como consecuencia de traumatismos en la dentición temporal. La secuela más frecuente observada fue la alteración cronológica de la erupción. Es fundamental informar a los padres sobre las posibles consecuencias que podrían surgir y enfatizar la importancia de realizar un seguimiento periódico para prevenir o minimizar posibles secuelas en los dientes permanentes.

Sinopsis de la Situación de Salud Oral en Chile - Parte IV: Traumatismo Dentoalveolar

RESUMEN: Objetivo: Sintetizar los resultados de estudios epidemiológicos sobre Traumatismo Dentoalveolar (TDA) en la población chilena. Material y métodos: Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura para identificar estudios poblacionales a nivel nacional, regional, provincial y comunal, además de datos de servicios dentales de atención primaria y secundaria sobre TDA en Chile. Resultados: Se incluyeron 2 estudios con representatividad nacional y 8 realizados en centros de atención en salud. A nivel nacional, la prevalencia de TDA a los 6 años fue de un 2.57%, y a los 12 años, 4.97%. En los estudios realizados en centros de salud, el diagnóstico más prevalente en dentición primaria fueron las lesiones de tejidos de soporte y en dentición permanente, la fractura coronaria. Fue más frecuente la afectación de un solo diente, y los incisivos centrales superiores fueron los dientes más afectados. Conclusiones: Los estudios representativos de la población en Chile son escasos, realizados hace más de una década y representativos sólo de la población de 6 y 12 años, lo cual pone de manifiesto la necesidad de mayor información epidemiológica sobre el TDA en la población chilena.

ABSTRACT: Aim: To summarize the evidence on epidemiological studies about traumatic dental injuries (TDI) in Chile. Methods: A systematic literature review was carried out in two databases to identify population studies at national, regional, provincial and community levels, as well as reports from primary and secondary dental care services, regarding TDI in Chile. Results: Two studies with national representation and eight studies from primary and secondary healthcare centers were included in the analysis. National prevalence for 6-year-old children was 2.57%, and 4.97% for 12-year-old children. While the most frequent diagnosis in primary dentition was traumatic injury involving tooth-supporting tissues, the most commonly reported diagnosis in permanent dentition was crown fracture. Single tooth affection was more frequent, and the upper central incisors were the most affected teeth. Conclusions: Data on representative studies about TDIs in Chile are scarce. Few studies, carried out more than a decade ago and only on 6- and 12-year-old children are available. There is a need for further epidemiological information about TDIs in Chile.

Age-Related Pattern of Dental Trauma in a Nigerian Tertiary Health Institution

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the pattern of traumatic dental injuries among children, adolescents, and adults. Material and Methods: This was a cross-sectional analytic study of children and adults who presented with dental trauma. Data utilized for this study were sociodemographic characteristics, history of the traumatic incident, presenting complaints, traumatized teeth and classification of the traumatized tissues using Ellis and Davey's classification. Results: A total of 163 participants with 307 traumatized teeth were included in the study. The participants' age ranged from 2 years to 75 years, with a mean age of 25.36 ±15.4 years. Children <10 years were the least represented (14.7%), adolescents 10-19 years accounted for 23.9%., young adults 20 to 40 years were the most represented (44.8%) and older adults >40 years (16.6%). A higher proportion of the study participants were female 83 (50.9%) and the most prevalent complaint was broken teeth (57.1%) The most prevalent aetiology of the trauma documented was fall (36.2%). The most prevalent injury type was extended crown fracture with noticeable dentinal involvement without pulp exposure. There was a statistically significant association between injury type, aetiology and age group. Conclusion: Traumatic dental injuries affect children, adolescents and adults alike. The central incisors were the most vulnerable teeth across all age groups. Age was significantly associated with the etiology of dental trauma and injury type (AU).

Determination of Shear Bond Strength of Nanocomposite to Porcelain and Metal Alloy

Abstract Objective: To compare porcelain and metal repair done with both nanocomposite and conventional composite. Material and Methods: A total of 30 cylinders were fabricated from Porcelain (I), Porcelain fused to metal (II), and metal (III) substrate each. Control group (A) was bonded with conventional micro-hybrid composite and experimental group (B) was bonded with nanocomposite in a 2 mm thickness. All specimens were thermocycled and stored in distilled water at 37 °C for 7 days. A universal testing machine was used to measure the Shear bond strength (SBS). The difference between bond strengths of the groups was compared using an independent t-test. Results: In all three groups, the SBS was higher in the experimental group as compared to the control group. The use of nanocomposite of metal alloy presented maximum shear bond strength, followed by samples of porcelain fused to metal and finally porcelain, showing the lowest values of SBS. Conclusion: Porcelain and alloys bonded with nanocomposite exhibit enhanced adhesiveness as well as aesthetic and mechanical properties. This subsequently would translate into providing higher clinical serviceability and durability and hence a cost-effective and accessible repair option for human welfare (AU).

Awareness and Preferred Mode of Getting Information on First Aid Management of Avulsed Permanent Teeth: Survey of Nigerian Mothers

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the awareness and sources of information on first aid management of avulsed permanent teeth in a group of South-western Nigerian mothers. Material and Methods: An 18-item interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to survey 385 mothers attending the antenatal and immunization clinics on their perception towards dental avulsion, its management, sources, and preferred mode of receiving information on first aid. The effect of all significant factors was inferred at p<0.05. Results: Mothers who had previous information on the first aid management of dental avulsion had significantly higher knowledge (p=0.000). Majority (80.8%) of the mothers did not know that an avulsed permanent tooth could be replanted, though mothers whose children had not experienced dental trauma had significantly higher knowledge (p=0.003). The knowledge of first aid management of avulsed permanent tooth was low, regardless of age, education and employment status of the respondents. Conclusion: There was low knowledge among mothers regarding the first aid measures in the management of avulsed permanent teeth. Their main preference for receiving information was through social media and television. There is a need to increase oral health educational campaigns targeted towards mothers.

Prevalence and Associated Factors of Dental Trauma in Six-Year-Old School-Children

ABSTRACT Objective: To estimate the prevalence and associated factors of dental trauma in 6-year-old school children in the city of Palhoça, Brazil. Material and Methods: Cross-sectional study nested in a cohort study. It involved a representative sample of school children born in 2009, residing in the municipality and regularly enrolled in public and private schools (n = 1,102). Clinical data were obtained through oral exams. To evaluate the incisal overjet, the distance in millimeters was measured horizontally from the labial surface of the lower central incisor to the labial surface of the upper incisor. Bivariate analyses were performed using the Chi-square test, with a p-value <0.05 considered statistically significant. Multivariate analyses using Poisson Regression were performed to identify independent associations between the prevalence and the independent variables studied. Results: Prevalence of dental trauma was 4.2% (95% CI 3.0-5.4). Dental trauma was statistically associated with studying in a private school (PR = 1.03; 95% CI 1.01-1.06) (p=0.016) and with inadequate lip coverage (PR = 1.08; 95% CI 1.01-1.14) (p=0.016). Conclusion: The prevalence of 4.2% of dental trauma in six-year-old children, associated with inadequate and greater lip coverage in children from private schools should be taken into account, since most teeth at this stage are newly erupted.

The perception of caregivers of poor oral health of their children and its related clinical conditions / Percepção de cuidadores sobre a má saúde bucal das crianças e sua relação com condições clínicas

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the association between the perception of caregivers regarding the oral health of their children and socio-demographic characteristics, report of dental pain, and clinical oral conditions. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 570 children aged two to five years old, enrolled at public preschools, and with their caregivers. Data regarding perceptions of oral health status in children, socio-demographic characteristics, and dental pain were collected from a questionnaire. Three examiners (Kappa>0.7) evaluated children's oral health status using the dmft index, pufa index, and the Andreasen classification for traumatic dental injury (TDI). The occurrence of open bite and overjet was also investigated. Descriptive analyses, and unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression were used, considering a 5% significance level. Results: A total of 24.7% of children had poor oral health status, which increased 4.92-fold (95% confidence interval [95%CI] 3.05-7.93) when children had dental caries, and 3.78-fold (95%CI 1.63-8.76) when there were consequences from dental caries. The perception of poor oral health was also associated to open bite (Odds Ratio [OR] 1.98; 95%CI 1.16-3.38) and TDI (OR 1.68; 95%CI 1.06-2.68). No associations were found between the perception of caregivers and socio-demographic variables or overjet. Conclusions: The perception of caregivers of poor oral health in their children was associated to dental caries, its consequences, TDI, and open bite.

RESUMO Objetivo: Determinar a associação entre a percepção dos cuidadores sobre a saúde bucal das crianças e características sociodemográficas, relato de dor dentária e condições clínicas bucais. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo transversal com 570 crianças de dois a cinco anos matriculadas em pré-escolas públicas e seus cuidadores. Os dados referentes à percepção do estado de saúde bucal nas crianças, características sociodemográficas e dor dentária foram coletados por meio de um questionário. Três examinadores (Kappa>0,7) avaliaram o estado de saúde bucal das crianças usando o índice ceo-d, o índice PUFA e a classificação de Andreasen para traumatismo dentário (TD). A ocorrência de mordida aberta e overjet também foi investigada. Análise descritiva e regressão logística não ajustada e ajustada foram realizadas, considerando um nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: A percepção da má condição de saúde bucal nas crianças foi de 24,7%, a qual aumentou 4,92 vezes (IC95% ­3,05-7,93) quando as crianças apresentaram cárie dentária e 3,78 vezes (intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC95%] 1,63-8,76) quando houve consequências de cárie dentária. A percepção de saúde bucal ruim também foi associada a mordida aberta (Odds Ratio [OR] 1,98; IC95% 1,16-3,38) e TD (OR 1,68; IC95% 1,06-2,68). Não foram encontradas associações entre as percepções dos cuidadores e variáveis sociodemográficas ou overjet. Conclusões: As percepções dos cuidadores sobre a má condição de saúde bucal das crianças foram associadas à cárie dentária, suas consequências, TD e mordida aberta.

Multidisciplinary conservative management of dental fracture in young patient: case report

The management of fractured permanent teeth due to dental trauma in young patients is a challenge that requires an efficient approach. Objective: Describe a conservative and multidisciplinary treatment of a case of dental trauma in a 13 years-old boy. Case report: At clinical examination was verified enamel and dentin fracture in the left upper central incisor and a fracture with pulp exposure in the right upper lateral incisor, with subgingival extension of its margin at lingual surface, and no swelling or tooth displacement was observed. At radiographic evaluation, no pulp or periradicular disturbances were verified. It was proposed the surgical lengthening of the clinical crown of the right upper lateral incisor for later performing endodontic treatment. It was decided to make direct composite resin restorations in both fractured teeth, instead of doing a prosthetic treatment in the affected lateral incisor, such as the placement of a full ceramic crown, in an attempt to perform a less invasive treatment, mainly due to the age of the patient. At a two years follow-up visit was observed the maintenance of the health of periapical tissues and the absence of clinical alterations. Conclusion: The restorations were kept in good conditions and aesthetics was considered satisfactory by professionals, patient and parents.

Introdução: O manejo de dentes permanentes fraturados por traumatismo dentário em pacientes jovens é desafiador e requer uma abordagem eficiente. Objetivo: Descrever o tratamento conservador e multidisciplinar em um caso de traumatismo dentário de um menino de 13 anos de idade. Relato do caso: Ao exame clínico foi verificada uma fratura de esmalte e dentina no incisivo central superior esquerdo e uma fratura complicada no incisivo lateral superior direito, com extensão subgengival da margem na face palatina, e não foram observados edema ou deslocamento dentário. Ao exame radiográfico, não foram verificadas alterações pulpares ou perirradiculares. Foi proposta realização de aumento da coroa clínica do incisivo lateral superior direito para posterior realização do tratamento endodôntico. Para os dois dentes traumatizados foi proposta a realização de restauração direta com resina composta, proporcionando um tratamento menos invasivo ao incisivo lateral superior direito, ao invés de submetê-lo a um tratamento protético, como a colocação de uma coroa total cerâmica, principalmente devido à pouca idade do paciente. Na visita de dois anos de acompanhamento, observou-se a manutenção da saúde dos tecidos periapicais e ausência de alterações clínicas. Conclusão: As restaurações se mantiveram em boas condições e a estética foi considerada satisfatória pelos profissionais, paciente e pais.

Assessment of the Need for Dental Treatment Resulting From Dental Trauma in 12-Year-Old Brazilian Schoolchildren: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract Objective: To identify the need for restorative treatment in 12-year-old Brazilian schoolchildren with dental trauma and its association with clinical and socioeconomic factors. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional population-based study was carried out with sample composed of 588 12-year-old students from the city of Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Data were collected from August to November 2016 through clinical examination, adopting the Andreasen classification and semi-structured questionnaire to verify the etiology and location of the accident that resulted in dental trauma. Statistical analysis included the frequency distribution and bi and multivariate analysis, with 5% significance level. Results: The presence of 219 traumatized teeth in 176 students was observed (29.9%). The main lesion was enamel fracture (41.4%), followed by enamel and dentin fracture (39.4%). The presence of restorative treatment was observed only in 11.5% of students. Fall (43.5%) was the most frequent etiology, followed by accidents on the streets (35.8%). Need for treatment was present in 53.4% of adolescents. Statistically significant association between males (p=0.010), severe overjet (p<0.0001) and inadequate lip protection (p<0.0001) and presence of dental trauma was observed. Maternal schooling over 8 years of study was statistically associated with need for restorative treatment (OR = 2.047; CI: 1.099-3.813; p=0.023). Conclusion: Prevalence of dental trauma, need for restorative treatment and number of adolescents with no access to restorative treatment in this study were high, point out that the health system is unable to satisfactorily prevent dental trauma and absorb all dental treatment demand resulting from dental trauma.

Forensic Analysis of 41 Traumatic Tooth Fracture Cases / 法医学杂志

Objective To discuss the types, number and diagnostic methods of traumatic tooth fracture in order to provide reference for forensic clinical identification. Methods The 41 cases accepted by Judicial Appraisal Center of Gansu University of Political Science and Law from January 2015 to December 2017, were analyzed by descriptive statistics according to information such as the basic situation, injury manner, type and number of tooth fracture, diagnostic method and expert opinion. Results The 41 cases included 31 males and 10 females. Tooth fracture occurred mainly on the maxillary anterior teeth. The main injury manner of traumatic tooth fracture was collision injury. CT scan improved the accuracy of diagnosis. Conclusion There are gender differences in tooth fracture cases. The part of fracture is related to tooth anatomical characteristics. CT scan can be a priority in tooth fracture diagnosis. Forensic analysis of traumatic tooth fracture should comprehensively consider the types and number of tooth fracture, and define the relationship between tooth fracture and the injury.

A multi-center retrospective assessment of monolithic zirconia restorations on posterior teeth and implants / Una evaluación retrospectiva multicéntrica de restauraciones monolíticas de circonio en dientes posteriores e implantes

Objective: the purpose of this multicenter retrospective study was to report on survival, success, and complication rates in monolithic zirconia restorations on teeth and implants. Materials and Methods: data on 671 monolithic zirconia restorations was collected by five prosthodontists from three different specialty practice centers, including a dental school and two private practice centers. Restorations included single crowns and multiple-unit fixed dental prostheses on teeth and implants in the posterior area (premolar and molars). Follow-up time was up to 62 months. Results: mean follow-up time was 28.1±12.9 months. A total of 671 units, 534 single crowns, and 137 multi-unit restorations. Cumulative survival and success rates at 5 years were 97.4%, and 93.8% respectively. Complications presented in 11 restorations out of 671 and included: decementation, abutment screw loosening, restoration crack, restoration fracture, and tooth fracture. No significant differences were observed between tooth-supported and implant-supported restoration (p=0.42), single crowns and multiple-unit restorations (p=0.07), bruxers and non-bruxers (p=0.57). Patients with group function occlusal scheme had significantly less survival rates (p=0.001). Conclusion: the use of monolithic zirconia for restorations on the posterior teeth and implants seems to be promising as it provides a durable solution with a low rate of complications.

Objetivo: el propósito de este estudio retrospectivo multicéntrico fue informar sobre las tasas de supervivencia, éxito y complicaciones en restauraciones monolíticas de circonio en dientes e implantes. Materiales y Métodos: cinco prostodoncistas recolectaron datos de 671 restauraciones monolíticas de zirconia de tres centros de práctica especializados: una escuela de odontología y dos centros de práctica privados. Las restauraciones incluyeron coronas individuales y prótesis dentales fijas de unidades múltiples en dientes e implantes en el área posterior (premolares y molares). El tiempo de seguimiento fue de hasta 62 meses. Resultados: el tiempo medio de seguimiento fue de 28,1±12,9 meses. Un total de 671 unidades, 534 coronas individuales y 137 restauraciones de unidades múltiples. La supervivencia acumulada y las tasas de éxito a los 5 años fueron del 97,4% y del 93,8%, respectivamente. Las complicaciones se presentaron en 11 restauraciones de 671 e incluyeron: fracaso del cementado, aflojamiento del tornillo del pilar, grieta en la restauración, fractura de restauración y fractura de dientes. No se observaron diferencias significativas entre la restauración con soporte dental y con implante (p=0,42), coronas individuales y restauraciones de unidades múltiples (p=0,07), pacientes con bruxismo y sin bruxismo (p=0,57). Los pacientes con esquema oclusal de función grupal tuvieron tasas de supervivencia significativamente menores (p= 0,0 01). Conclusión: el uso de zirconia monolítica para restauraciones en los dientes posteriores y en implantes parece ser prometedor, ya que proporciona una solución duradera con una baja tasa de complicaciones.

Fractura radicular de tercio medio: tratamiento y cinco años de seguimiento / Treatment and 5-year follow-up of root fractures in the middle third

Objetivo: Informar el tratamiento de dos piezas con fractura radicular horizontal del tercio medio, patrones de curación y seguimiento por cinco años. Caso clínico: Se presentó a la consulta una niña de 9 años de edad con traumatismo de 10 días de evolución. Examen clínico: fractura amelodentinaria restaurada en la pieza 2.2, movilidad y sensibilidad a la percusión y palpación en ambos incisivos centrales superiores. Examen radiográfico: fractura radicular horizontal de tercio medio en piezas 1.1 y 2.1. Tratamiento: inmovilización con placa removible durante 4 semanas, indicaciones de higiene y uso, y controles de seguimiento. Al primero y al cuarto mes, ambos incisivos mostraron ausencia de movilidad, reacción positiva de sensibilidad y signos radiográficos de reabsorción superficial interna y externa. A los 6 meses, el 1.1 evidenció signos de reparación con tejido conectivo, y el 2.1, signos clínicos y radiográficos de necrosis pulpar del fragmento coronario. Se realizó el tratamiento endodóntico de la pieza 2.1 hasta el nivel de la fractura con pasta a base de hidróxido de calcio, y luego de la comprobación de la formación de una barrera de tejido duro, se obturó definitivamente con gutapercha y sellador endodóntico. Cinco años después del traumatismo, ambos incisivos se mostraron asintomáticos y los estudios por imágenes evidenciaron una completa consolidación de las fracturas. Conclusión: Un diagnóstico temprano, procedimientos apropiados de tratamiento, el conocimiento de los procesos curativos y un monitoreo cuidadoso de todos los parámetros clínicos y radiográficos son claves para un enfoque correcto y conservador de las piezas dentarias con fractura radicular (AU)

Aim: To report the treatment, healing patterns and fiveyear follow-up of two permanent incisors with horizontal root fracture located in the middle third. Case report: A 9-year-old girl who came to our consultation 10 days after a dental trauma. Clinical examination: restored enamel-dentin fracture in upper left lateral incisor; mobility and sensitivity to percussion and palpation in both upper central incisors. Radiographic examination: horizontal root fracture in the middle third of both upper central incisors. Treatment: stabilization with a removable splint for 4 weeks, indications for hygiene, use of the splint and follow-up controls. At first and fourth month, central incisors presented absence of mobility, positive response to pulp testing and radiographic signs of internal and external superficial resorption. At sixth month, signs of healing with connective tissue were found on the right central incisor, while the left one showed clinical and radiographic signs of necrosis of the coronal fragment. The root canal of this segment was treated initially with a calcium hydroxide paste and, after verifying the formation of a hard tissue barrier, it was filled with gutta- percha and endodontic sealer. Five years after the trauma, both central incisors were asymptomatic and imaging studies showed complete healing of the fractures. Conclusion: Early diagnosis, appropriate treatment procedures, knowledge of healing patterns and careful monitoring of clinical and radiographic parameters are key factors for a proper and conservative approach of injured tooth with root fracture (AU)

Abordagem Terapêutica de Fratura Radicular com 30 meses de Acompanhamento: Relato de Caso Clínico / Therapeutic Approach Root Fracture with 30 Months Follow: Clinical Case Report

Introdução: os traumatismos dentários são muito frequentes e estão entre os principais problemas de saúde pública. As fraturas radiculares tem uma ocorrência que varia entre 0,5 a 7% e acometem principalmente os incisivos superiores de crianças e adultos jovens. Portanto, necessitam de um diagnóstico preciso para que seja realizado um plano de tratamento e acompanhamento adequado. Objetivo: O presente estudo tem como objetivo relatar o caso clínico de fratura radicular em terço médio de um dente anterior, que foi tratado de forma conservadora e acompanhado por 30 meses. Relato de caso: O paciente gênero masculino, 42 anos, que procurou atendimento odontológico 23 dias após ter sofrido uma agressão física acometendo a face e o incisivo central superior. Ao exame clínico, observou-se uma discreta extrusão do 21 e ao exame radiográfico periapical detectou-se uma fratura horizontal no terço médio da raiz do mesmo dente. Foi realizada uma contenção semirrígida e desgaste incisal do 21. Após 45 dias, a contenção foi removida e o paciente orientado a retornar periodicamente para controle clínico e radiográfico. Após 30 meses de proservação, verifica-se ausência de dor e de mobilidade, resposta positiva aos testes térmicos de sensibilidade pulpar e cicatrização da linha de fratura ao exame radiográfico e tomográfico. Conclusões: Após este período de acompanhamento, pode-se concluir que o tratamento conservador proposto foi efetivo na manutenção do dente traumatizado, uma vez que este apresenta-se vital e desempenhando suas funções fisiológicas e estéticas

Introduction: dental injuries are very frequent and are among the main problems of public health. The root fractures occur between 0,5 a 7% and mainly affect the central incisors of children and young adults. So, its necessary a certain diagnosis and a proper treatment and follow-up plan. Objective: this study aims to report the clinical case of root fracture in the middle third of a previous tooth, which was treated conservatively and followed up for 30 months. Case report: the male patient, 42 years old, who sought dental care 23 days after having suffered a physical aggression involving the face and upper central incisor. Clinical examination revealed a discrete extrusion of the 21 and periapical radiographic examination a horizontal fracture was detected in the middle third of the root of the same tooth. A semi-rigid restraint and incisal wear of the 21 were performed. After 45 days, a restraint was removed and the patient was instructed to return periodically for clinical and radiographic control. During a period of 30 months of proservation, there is no pain and mobility, positive response to the thermal pulpal sensitivity tests and healing of the fracture line in the radiographic and tomography examination. Conclusions: After this follow up, it was concluded that the conservative treatment proposed was effective in the maintenance of the traumatized tooth, since it is vital and performs its physiological and aesthetic functions.

Avaliação da Aplicação dos Filtros de Imagem na Detecção de Fraturas Radiculares / Evaluation of Enhacement Filters in the Detection of Vertical Root Fractures

Objetivo: Avaliar a acurácia, sensibilidade e especificidade de diferentes filtros do software Cliniview™ (versão 10.1) em radiografias periapicais digitais na detecção de fraturas radiculares verticais em dentes unirradiculares. Material e Métodos: Foram utilizados 31 dentes humanos recém-extraídos divididos em dois grupos: controle (CTL) e fraturado (FTR), constituídos por 15 e 16 dentes, respectivamente. Realizou-se o tratamento endodôntico dos dentes para posterior desobturação de 2/3 da raiz e confecção dos pinos metálicos. Após cimentação dos pinos, as raízes dos dentes grupo FTR foram fraturadas na máquina de ensaio (Instron). As radiografias periapicais digitais foram obtidas em todos os dentes com sistema digital Express™. As radiografias originais e com aplicação dos filtros (inversão na escala de cinza, hot, nitidez 1, vertical e vertical + horizontal) foram salvas e avaliadas por dois especialistas. Após as análises, foram calculados os valores de sensibilidade, especificidade, preditivo positivo, preditivo negativo e acurácia da radiografia periapical digital com e sem a aplicação dos filtros. Resultados: Considerando os dois examinadores, os maiores valores de acuraria, sensibilidade e especificidade para as imagens originais foram de 85,2%, 100% e 95,2% respectivamente. Para as radiografias com aplicação de filtro, os maiores valores de acurácia, sensibilidade e especificidade foram de 82,6%, 71,4% e 87,5%, respectivamente. Conclusão: O uso de filtros não aumentou os valores de acurácia, sensibilidade e especificidade das radiografias periapicais digitais para a detecção das fraturas radiculares verticais. De fato, pelo contrário, em alguns casos, o diagnóstico piorou.

Objective: To evaluate the accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of different Cliniview™ (version 10.1) software filters in digital periapical radiographs for the detection of vertical root fractures in single-rooted teeth. Materials and Methods: Thirty-one human teeth freshly extracted were divided into two groups: control (CTL) and fractured (FTR), constituted by 15 and 16 teeth respectively. The endodontic treatment of the teeth was performed and followed by desobturation of ⅔ of the root canal and the metallic posts confection. After the cementation of the posts, the fractures were made using the universal test machine (Instron) only in the FTR group. The digital periapical radiographs were performed in all the teeth using the ExpressTM digital system. The original radiographs and the ones with applied filters (gray scale, hot, sharpness 1, vertical and vertical + horizontal) were saved and evaluated by two specialists. After the analysis, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy of the digital periapical radiographs with and without the application of filters were calculated. Results: Taking into consideration the two examiners, the highest accuracy, sensitivity and specificity values for the original images were 85,2%, 100% and 95,2% respectively. For the radiographs with applied filters, the highest accuracy, sensitivity and specificity values found were of 82,6%, 71,4% and 87,5%, respectively. Conclusion: The use of filters did not increase the accuracy, sensitivity and specificity values of the digital periapical radiographs for the detection of VRF. In fact, on the contrary, for some cases, the diagnosis became worse.

Resistência à fratura de dentes tratados endodonticamente reforçados com pinos customizados de fibra de vidro e carbono / Fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth reinforced with customized glass and carbon fiber posts

Objetivo: o objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar a resistência à fratura de quatro tipos de pinos intrarradiculares pré-fabricados: fibra de vidro, fibra de vidro customizado com resina composta, fibra de carbono e fibra de carbono customizado com resina, em dentes bovinos. Métodos: foram utilizados 60 dentes bovinos unirradiculares, que receberam tratamento endodôntico e foram divididos nos seguintes grupos: FV = pino de fibra de vidro; FVP = pino de fibra de vidro customizado; FC = pino de fibra de carbono; FCP = pino de fibra de carbono customizado; e Controle = restauração coronária com resina composta. Os dentes foram inseridos em blocos de resina acrílica, a 2 mm da junção amelocementária, simulando a interface dente-osso. Os espécimes foram submetidos ao teste de resistência à fratura em máquina de ensaio universal, sob uma carga de 0,5mm/min, até a fratura do corpo de prova. Os valores obtidos foram submetidos ao teste ANOVA, com pós-teste de Tukey. Foi realizada, também, uma análise dos padrões de fratura, por meio do teste Kruskal- -Wallis. Resultados: o grupo FCP mostrou os maiores valores de resistência à fratura, seguido pelos grupos FV, FVP e FC. O grupo controle mostrou menor resistência do que os demais, que receberam pinos intrarradiculares. Os pinos de FVP apresentaram o maior número de fraturas reparáveis, em contraste ao controle, no qual houve o maior número de fraturas desfavoráveis. Conclusão: o uso de pinos customizados reduziu a incidência de fraturas catastróficas. A ausência de pino intrarradicular ocasionou a maior incidência de fraturas irreparáveis. (AU)

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the fracture resistance of four types of prefabricated intraradicular posts - glass fiber, glass fiber customized by composite resin, carbon fiber, and customized carbon fiber - on bovine teeth. Methods: Sixty bovine teeth were submitted to endodontic treatment and divided into the following groups: GF - glass fiber post; CGF - customized glass fiber post; CF - carbon fiber post; CCF - customized carbon fiber post; control - composite resin restoration. The teeth were embedded in acrylic resin blocks at 2 mm from the cement-enamel junction, simulating the teeth-bone interface. The specimens were submitted to a fracture resistance test in a universal test machine under a 0.5 mm/min load until the fracture of the specimen. The values obtained were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey tests. The analysis of the fracture patterns was performed by the Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: The CCF group presented the highest values of fracture resistance, followed by GF, CGF, and CF posts. The control group offered less resistance than the other groups that received intraradicular posts. The CGF presented the highest number of favorable fractures, in contrast to the control group, which presented the highest number of unfavorable fractures. Conclusion: The use of customized posts reduced the incidence of catastrophic fractures. The lack of intracanal posts led to a higher incidence of irreparable fractures (AU).

Diagnóstico, plan de tratamiento y restauración de un diente con el síndrome del diente fisurado: reporte de caso y seguimiento de siete años / Diagnosis, planning, and restoring treatment of cracked syndrome tooth: case report - 7-year follow-up

Se describe y reporta el diagnóstico, tipo de tratamiento y seguimiento de un caso con el síndrome del diente fisurado. Una paciente de 26 años acusaba sensibilidad a los cambios térmicos y a la oclusión en el lado izquierdo de la mandíbula. Al examen clínico se observó dos grietas o fisuras pigmentadas en las superficies bucales y linguales de la pieza 36. La colocación de una restauración directa con resina compuesta resolvió los síntomas y alivió por completo el dolor. Dicha situación persistió incluso en el control realizado 7 años después. El diagnóstico y tratamiento para el caso descrito dio como resultado un completo alivio y mantenimiento de la situación alcanzada siete años después.

This case report describes a cracked tooth syndrome and reports on its diagnosis, type of treatment and monitoring. A 26-year-old female patient complained of thermal and chewing sensitivity in the left side of her mandible. Clinical examination revealed two pigmented cracks on the buccal and lingual surfaces of tooth 36. The choice of a direct restorative treatment with composite resin led to the resolution of symptoms and complete relief of pain, which persisted in a 7-year monitoring period. The diagnosis and treatment of the case described here resulted in complete pain relief and maintenance of normal conditions seven years later.

Clinical and Radiographic Sequelae in Primary Teeth due to Dental Trauma

Objective: To evaluate the presence of clinical and radiographic sequelae in primary teeth affected by dental trauma and its association with age at the time of trauma in children attended at a Public Higher Education Institution. Material and Methods: This is a longitudinal clinical study, in which 229 patients with history of dental trauma in primary teeth were examined, totaling 390 traumatized teeth. Relative frequency analysis was used, and for associations, the Chi-square test was used to verify the relationship of age at the time of trauma with variables such as type of trauma. Results: The most prevalent age group was over 24 months, and fall from own height as the main etiological factor; 71.0% of traumas had involvement of 2 teeth, 9.5% had history of anterior trauma and 66.6% of traumas involved supporting tissues. Regarding the type of injury to dental tissue, the most prevalent was enamel fracture (58.3%) and to periodontium, lateral dislocation (30.8%). Children older than two years had less trauma related to dental tissue (p<0.01), higher number of injuries to the periodontium (p=0.03); and most of them did not present extra-oral changes associated with trauma (p=0.01). During the 12- month period, 325 teeth were examined, and the most frequent clinical sequelae observed was crown discoloration. In the radiographic evaluation, inflammatory root resorption was the most prevalent. Conclusion: Children older than two years presented more injuries to the periodontium. After 12 months, the main clinical sequelae observed was enamel discoloration and the main radiographic sequelae was inflammatory root resorption.

A study on the occlusal wear patterns in maxillary posterior teeth with palatal side abfractions

PURPOSE: Aims to analyze the occlusal wear patterns in maxillary posterior teeth with palatal side abfractions and study the association between occlusal force and abfractions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was conducted in a total of 308 teeth from 148 patients with palatal side abfractions in maxillary posterior teeth. The occlusal wears in maxillary premolars and molars with palatal side abfractions were classified and recorded. The classification was done by type of teeth, age, and gender, and in order to evaluate the statistical significance between groups, chi-square test was conducted (α = 0.05). RESULTS: Palatal side abfractions in maxillary posterior teeth were observed at the highest frequency in the 1st molars, and in all teeth with palatal side abfractions, more than one occlusal wear was observed. In classification by type of teeth, by age, and by gender, the occlusal wears in teeth with palatal side abfractions were observed at high frequency in cuspal inclined plane, central fossa, and marginal ridge, and there was a statistical significance (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Palatal side abfractions were observed at the highest frequency in maxillary 1st molars, and in all maxillary posterior teeth where palatal side abfractions were found, the occlusal wears were observed. And the occlusal wears were observed at high frequency in cuspal inclined plane, central fossa and marginal ridge. Such results show that abfraction is associated with occlusal force.